Malinowskis Participant-Observation in Modern Anthropology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2150 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Where does Malinowski’s conceptualization of participant-observation sit in the landscape of modern anthropological fieldwork? A primary objective of the modern ethnographer is to glean insights into the ways people relate to and interact with one another and the world around them. Through participant-observation, Malinowski (1922) offered a valuable tool with which to uncover these insights and understandings, the ethnographer. The ethnographer as research tool has become the basis of much modern anthropological research. As a method, it was a radical departure from the typical approach to fieldwork used in Malinowski’s time which involved techniques that kept the ethnographer distanced and distinct from those they studied (McGee Warms, 2008). In his conceptualization of participant-observation, Malinowski identified three primary objectives for the fieldworker. First, to record the feel and flow of daily life as a member of the community; second, to create a framework of community organization based on a scientific perspective; and third, to collect detailed personal information particular to the community of study (Malinowski, 1922). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Malinowskis Participant-Observation in Modern Anthropology" essay for you Create order These goals and methodologies remain principal to the design and analysis of modern anthropological research. However, they also raise a number of questions about the practical, paradigmatic and ethical difficulties associated with anthropological fieldwork. Discussed below are the goals identified by Malinowski, some of the issues they raise, and how they have come to be interpreted within modern anthropological practice. The premise of participant-observation draws the researcher inside the daily life of those they study, with the many small experiences, interactions, intimacies and resulting integration providing an entree into cultural life not afforded the lone observer or ‘outsider’. Malinowski took great pains to ensure that he eventually came to feel part of the tribe, an insider, ‘joining in himself in what is going on’ rather than simply recording the proceedings (Malinowski, 1922, p. 1). Achieving insider, as opposed to outsider, status within a community of study is a primary goal for many anthropologists in the field. However, the concept of a dichotomous insider/outsider positionality is a complex issue that is coming under increasing scrutiny within the field (Kirby, Greaves Reid, 2006). Malinowski’s (1922) methodology of ethnographer as tool is based in two contradictory imperatives, each centered on location. First, the researcher ust locate themselves intimately within the group under study in order to gain a complete and ‘fleshed out’ account of community life and second, that it is not possible, when located within and as a member of a group, to have the necessary perspective to interpret community life (Malinowski, 1922). Claire Sterk (1996) challenges the ethnographer as insider viewpoint through her work with prostitutes in New York and New Jersey. Sterk’s own realization of her ability to extricate herself from the community and rejoin her own ‘world, a world of safety and stability’ confirmed her status as outsider (Sterk, 1996, p. 2). Nancy Kalow (1996) supports Malinowski’s assertion of the importance of distance when analysing data. She reports her research experience within a group of homeless children in San Francisco as limiting her perspective, something she only identified once she stepped outside of the role of participant-observer and became an observer of her data. This r aises the issue of transition from participant-observer to observer/interpreter. By positioning oneself as interpreter or analyst, the researcher creates an academic distance from those they observe, voiding their participant status. Susan Krieger (1996) extends this argument through her experience as a functioning member of the community under study. Krieger found her membership identification did not automatically afford her insight into the group and, through her efforts to interpret data, she came to realize that she had become estranged from her participants and her study. It was only through a ‘process of reengagement’ that she was able to again locate herself within the group and successfully analyze her data, a process at odds with Malinowski’s second imperative (Krieger, 1996, p 183). Thus, Malinowski’s ‘ethnographer as tool’ is still a guiding principle of anthropological fieldwork. However, the location and position of this tool with relation to the community under study has evolved from Malinowski’s limited perception of its scope. To simply be positioned ‘right among the natives’ (Malinowski, 1922, p. 6) does not automatically provide the ethnographer with an insider’s view. It is this realization that has shaped and is still shaping the way fieldwork in modern anthropology is approached. The focus of anthropology can also been seen to have evolved in terms of the premises upon which Malinowski based his anticipated outcomes of research when compared to those of modern ethnographers. The primary purpose of anthropological research identified by Malinowski was that of understanding tribal life objectively and scientifically, in terms of systems of ‘social machinery’ and presenting this for consumption to a Western audience (Malinowski, 1922, p. 109; McGee Warms, 2008). This raises two issues apparent in modern anthropology. First, the relevance, usefulness and problematic nature of a purely objective paradigm within anthropology; and second, the motivations underlying anthropological research and fieldwork. ‘Striving for the scientific view of things’, a central tenet of Malinowski’s (1922, p. 6) anthropology, has been challenged by modern anthropologists. The challenge raises two primary questions. First, is it possible or useful within such a personal contextual field as anthropology to discount subjectivity as an authentic mode of analysis. Krieger (1996) identifies this as a problem inherent in the writing of social science and argues that through ethnography we are not writing about the other but, in fact, writing about the self. She also touches on the second question, from where have our acceptable scientific/objective truths originated? The objective paradigm underlying social science denies self-expression, narrowing the scope of understanding to that of a predominately male, middle-class, Western, academic one. This point appears to lie outside the realm of Malinowski’s consideration and is indicative of his socio-historical epoch. The purpose of research for Malinowski (1922, p. 25) was to ‘shed light on our own (Western)’ mentality, informing Western science and academia. While modern anthropology still endeavours to uncover systems and social structures it does so from the standpoint of advancement or empowerment of those communities it studies, not to exclusively inform Western science (Kirby, Greaves, Reid, 2006). For example, Annette Lareau’s (1996) study seeks to reveal patterns of achievement in relation to class status and school performance, but it does so with an intention to inform educational policy and effect change within schooling systems. Similarly, Sterk’s (1996) study of prostitutes examines the relationship between prostitution, drugs use and AIDS, searching for cross-cultural patterns in order to address the HIV/AIDS crisis. In this way, anthropology is still approached from a scientific paradigmatic orientation. However, what drives the research has changed. Considering the needs of the community, and how a study is designed to identify and address those needs, has become a powerful impetus for anthropological research. Thus, while modern anthropology shares a similar scientific goal with Malinowski, the goalposts have shifted. The question of who benefits from anthropological study has become an important consideration for any modern anthropological researcher (Kirby, Greaves Reid, 2006). This leads the discussion to the issue of ethics. Malinowski’s (1922, p. 4) third goal involves ‘collection of ethnographic statements’ to be used as ‘documents of native mentality’. These documents consist of information that is personal and belonging to those of whom he is studying. At no time during Malinowski’s description of ethnographic methodology does he address the ethical issues of participant consent, or to what extent his role as researcher will affect t he community he is studying. These are all areas of central importance and concern for the modern anthropologist (Kirby, Greaves Reid, 2006). Before undertaking any anthropological study, it is standard modern practice to obtain consent from those that are being studied. In her study involving school children, parents, teachers and administrators, Lareau (1996) describes in detail the difficulties inherent in this process, but also recognizes that it is a necessary component of fieldwork. The extensive trail of consent outlined by Lareau (1996) raises questions identified by Philippe Bourgois (1991) that are yet to be answered – how far back does the line of consent extend? And how does consent, with regards to participant-observation, colour the relationship between observer and observed? These questions are closely related to the role of researcher and their effects on the community which are highlighted by Sterk (1996), who describes grappling with how involved she is willing to become with her participants and how involved her participants have already become with her. One ethical dilemma identified by Sterk (1996) is that of her role as researcher and what responsibility that carries in terms of intervention. Sterk (1996) cites the dilemma of if and how to intervene when participants who are known to be sharing hypodermic needles are also HIV positive. She cannot address this ethical dilemma other than to retreat to the role of outsider, researcher, ethnographer. This problem is explored by Nancy Scheper-Hughes (1995). Through her work in the field, she raises important questions about the ethnographers’ role within the community. She argues that one must be willing to contribute and give back to the community, not from the perspective of what the anthropologist identifies as the needs of he community, but what the community itself identifies. These ethical questions and difficulties do not lie within the scope of Malinowski’s consideration and highlight the progressive nature of ethnography as a mode of cultural and social (human) analysis. Participant-observation, as Malinowski (1922) conceptualized it, was a process through which the ethnographer entrenched themselves in the daily life and living of the community under study. To ‘grasp the native’s point of view’, to ‘realise his vision of his world’ were the words Malinowski (1922, p. 23) used to summarise this approach to anthropological research. This ideology has shaped modern ethnography more than almost any other influencing factor to date and provides the framework for modern ethnography. However, Malinowski’s vision is one that is situated within the colonial, ethnocentric and localized milieu of his time. Anthropology and the world as we know it today has, in many ways, moved on from a perspective that privileges a solely Western view. It now seeks a richer insight into the ways of others by situating the self as ‘other’, outsider, intruder, subject. The difficulty of becoming a true ‘insider’ looms large for any ethnographer in the field, even when the field is situated within one’s own community. The scope of expected outcomes of anthropological research and ethnography has changed considerably since Malinowski’s (1922) study of Trobriand Islanders. The purpose of his study can be seen as solely to inform Western culture, not as a way of informing or effecting change for those of whom he studied. Today, participant-observation and ethnography are increasingly becoming based on understanding and knowledge relating to effecting positive change within the community of study. Through ethnography the anthropologist, community and wider socio-political powers become informed in ways that are designed to benefit those they study. Finally, an area that reveals itself through its omission from Malinowski’s work is the ethical issue of subject participation in ethnographic research. The concern of ethical fieldwork has become of paramount importance within anthropological research and has serious ramifications in terms of subject consent and the changing role of researcher within the field. In conclusion, Malinowski was a man who, in many ways, was ahead of his time. His contribution to ethnographic method in anthropological research is arguably the most important thus far. However, as people’s understanding and expectation of social science and cultural difference expands, the way in which participant-observation is interpreted also expands and evolves into something that Malinowski may have found difficult to conceive. Malinowski provided a solid framework upon which today’s anthropologists can weave a new interpretation to address an ever changing world of humanity. References Bourgois, P. (1991). Confronting the Ethics of Ethnography: Lessons from fieldwork in Central America. In F. Harrison (Ed. ), Decolonizing Anthropology: Moving further toward an anthropology of liberation. Washington, DC: Association of Black Anthropologists, American Anthropological Association. Kalow, N. (1996). Living Dolls. In B. Jackson E. D. Ives (Eds. ), The World Observed: Reflections on the fieldwork process. USA: The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. Kirby, S. L. Greaves, L. Reid, C. (2006). Experience Research Social Change: Methods beyond the mainstream (2nd ed. ). Canada: Broadview Press. Krieger, S. (1996). Beyond Subjectivity. In A. Lareau J. Shultz, (Eds. ), Journeys Through Ethnography: Realistic accounts of fieldwork. USA: Westfield Press. Lareau, A. (1996). Common Problems in Fieldwork: A personal essay. In A. Lareau J. Shultz, (Eds. ), Journeys Through Ethnography: Realistic accounts of fieldwork. USA: Westview Press Malinowski, B. 19 22). Argonauts of the Western Pacific. New York: Dutton. McGee, R. J. Warms, R. L. , (Eds. ) (2008). Anthropological Theory: An introduction history (4th ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill Scheper-Hughes, N. (1995). The Primacy of the Ethical: Propositions for a militant anthropology. Current Anthropology, 36(3), 409-420. Sterk, C. (1996). Prostitution, Drug Use and Aids. In C. Smith W. Kornblum (Eds. ), In The Field: Readings on the field research experience. Westport, USA: Preger Press.

The Vision And Purpose Of A Starting Entrepreneur

The Vision and Purpose The vision of a starting entrepreneur is to purchase an ecommerce system to help market her virtual thrift store targeting women between the ages of 15 through 60. The store will offer fashionable and affordable clothing, costume jewelry, shoes, purses, scarves and purses. The entrepreneur read the â€Å"11 Common Ecommerce Mistakes -- and How to Fix Them† by Jennifer Lonoff Schiff and wants to take her advice. Following the majority of the instructions provided by Lonoff’s article the thrift store owner would like to act upon 9 out of 11 key check marks. She wants to focus on the following: a secure ecommerce site protected by HTTPS, seamless site navigation, good quality product images, add product descriptions, a very easy and fast check out process, multiple carrier options, a mobile optimized version of the site, to make the content sharable on social media and having visible contact us information. The purpose of this paper is to explore a world of ecommerce platf orms and to choose one that satisfies all of the owner’s needs. The Challenge One of the major tasks this aspiring entrepreneur has to focus on before launching her new business is to find the absolute best information system technology available. Business owners should know exactly what they want their IS platform to do for them before they unveil their business to customers. Clarity and trust on their vision will help select the appropriate tools. However, when an entrepreneur creates aShow MoreRelatedThe Practice Of Entrepreneurship Through Time And The Global Enterprise1642 Words   |  7 Pagestime and resources, and vision with the overarching goal of holistic success and autonomy (Arthur Hisrich, 2011). The entrepreneur exudes behaviors which foster initiative, orchestrate options, and accept responsibility for the success or failure (Arthur Hisrich, 2011). 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Pollinators free essay sample

Under 1840s conditions, only 20% of scents were altered by chemical reactions within a 1,000-meter radius downwind of the floral source. In the most polluted scenario, only 25% of the scents survived 300 meters downwind. Today, more than 842 million people nearly three times the population of the United States are chronically hungry. 43 Chronic hunger is a profound, debilitating human experience that affects the ability of individuals to work productively, think clearly, and resist disease. it drains economies, destabilizes governments, and reaches across international boundaries. millions are undernourished The food security issues are a global concern. hunger is one of the greatest problems the international community is facingFood security deserves its place in any long-term calculation regarding global security. Widespread chronic hunger causes widespread instability and debilitating poverty and decreases all of our safety, Food insecurity, therefore, causes global insecurity b ecause widespread instability threatens all of our safety. China pollinates by hand now A third of global farm output depends on animal pollination, largely by honey bees. These foods provide 35pc of our calories, most of our minerals, vitamins, and anti-oxidants, and the foundations of gastronomy. Yet the bees are dying – or being killed – at a disturbing pace. The story of colony collapse disorder (CCD) is already well-known to readers of The Daily Telegraph. Some keep hives at home and have experienced this mystery plague, . Albert Einstein, who liked to make bold claims famously said that if the bee disappeared off the surface of the globe, man would have only four years to live. China has its own problems. Crops are now pollinated by hand using feather brushes, a laborious process as one bee colony can pollinate up to 300million flowers a day. Einstein was not wrong. US pollutants are on the declineSpectroscopic images from remote-sensing satelliteshave revealed a decreasing concentration of nitrogen oxides and nitric acid, precursors to ozone. Scientists at NOAA confirmed pollution controls put in place 10 years ago are impacting us today. The air is cleaner in the regions where we have reduced emissions of a key pollutant. The 10 years of before-and-after data revealed a 40 percent reduction in pollution. Satellites have detected a 38% decline in nitrogen dioxide in thestates between 1999 and 2005, itrogen dioxide and nitric oxides are two gases that form a group of pollutants known as nitrogen oxides, When combined with other gases and sunlight, they form ozone, a major air pollutant in smog. Ground-The NOAA study is the first to verify from space that these single-point reductions have had a measurable impact on the atmosphere across the entire region. Cars are the largest source of pollution in the US Transportation is the largest single source of air pollution in the United States. It causes over half of the carbon monoxide, over a third of the nitrogen oxides, and almost a quarter of the hydrocarbons in our atmosphere in 2006. ir pollution is associated with the full life-cycle of cars and trucks. This includes air pollution emitted during vehicle operation, refueling, manufacturing, and disposal. Motor vehicles cause both primary and secondary pollution. Nor is vehicles good for the environment because buses and Diesel-powered commuter trains burn fossil fuels just like automobiles. IndyGo’s buses use more energy and emit more greenhouse gases, per passenger mile, than the average SUV, and extending bus service to remote suburbs will only make things worse. Construction emissions and feeder buses substantially increase emissions even where electric-powered rail transit generates less greenhouse gases than cars or buses, the trains are supported by feeder bus systems that emit lots of greenhouse gases. the feeder buses that support rail transit run fairly empty because many rail riders drive to transit stations. The result is that greenhouse gas emissions on many transit systems increase after opening rail transit lines. Construction of rail transit also consumes huge amounts of energy and releases enormous amounts of greenhouse gases. Highway construction also generates greenhouse gases, but because highways are much more heavily used than most rail transit lines, the emissions per passenger mile are far lower. The history of the last four decades shows that transit cannot and will not play a significant role in saving energy or preventing climate change. spending more money on transit does not significantly reduce driving. Transit uses just about as much energy as cars, so even if we could persuade people to take transit it would not save energy. Transit subsidies have historically had only a trivial effect on ridership. Annual subsidies in real dollars grew by 68 percent. Yet annual ridership grew by only 18 percent. Despite total real subsidies of well over three-quarters of a trillion dollars since 1970, per-capita transit ridership and passenger miles actually declined. transit uses as much energy and generates nearly as much greenhouse gas per passenger mile as urban driving. In 2006, the nations transit systems used an average of 3,444 BTUs and emitted 213 grams of CO2  per passenger mile. And light truck energy efficiencies have rapidly improved, while transit energy efficiencies have declined. If auto manufacturers meet the Obama administrations new fuel-economy standards for 2016 BY25 the average car on the road will consume only 2,600 BTUs and emit only about 186 grams of CO2  per passenger mile—considerably less than most transit systems this rapid improvement is possible because Americas auto fleet almost completely turns over every 18 years. By comparison, cities that invest in rail transit are stuck with the technology they choose for at least 30 years. he fossil-fuel-burning plants used to generate electricity for rail transit emit enormous amounts of greenhouse gases. Washingtons Metrorail system, for example, generates more than 280 grams of CO2  per passenger mile— considerably more than the average passenger car. Pollution masks floral scents pollinators need to locate plants ozone and other constituents of smog destroy at least some of t he floral perfumes that pollinators rely on to find their meals. Bees might suffer from these smog constituents, which pollute urban and rural areas alike. Foragers most likely to be confused by air pollution’s degradation of floral scents are pollinators such as moths and bats. Flower scents vulnerability to ozone and other reactive chemicals is not new. Under pristine conditions, scent molecules could drift unchanged over a kilometer or more, The strength and length of that plume diminished dramatically, however, in the presence of smog constituents. Within just 200 meters, half of the average intensity of a scent plume was lost, The report analyses the potential for many signals that nature depends on to go askew. ozone. In heavily polluted areas, up to 75% of floral markers are destroyed It had already been established that when fragrance molecules wafting downwind meet up with air pollutants, chemical reactions alter the floral scents the fate of three common volatile hydrocarbons emitted by flowers as they encountered increasing levels of ozone, hydroxyl radicals, and nitrate radicals. The researchers plugged these data into a model to test different air pollution scenarios ranging from conditions that prevailed during the 1840s to current summertime conditions in large eastern U. S. cities, where ozone levels can exceed 120 ppb by volume. Under 1840s conditions, only 20% of scents were altered by chemical reactions within a 1,000-meter radius downwind of the floral source. In the most polluted scenario, only 25% of the scents survived 300 meters downwind. Extinction: Honeybees are key to prevent extinction Without the Honeybee, we too would die off eventually from critically low food resources of all kinds. It wouldnt take many generations for use to disappear either. Easily it could happen in our life time There is a real threat to the preservation of this important creature and mans intervention is crucial to their survival. Plants and Food: Pollinators are key to the production of one third of all the world’s food and the survival of 90% of all flowering plants Imagine living in a world without flowers or fruit or coffee or chocolate. Thanks to pollinators like bees, the food we eat and flowers and plants are possible. Butterflies, birds, beetles, bats, wasps and even flies are important in the pollination process. But despite the importance of pollinators, they are taken for granted all too often. More than 1,300 types of plants are grown around the world for food, beverages, medicines, condiments, spices and even fabric. Of these, about 75% are pollinated by animals. More than one of every three bites of food we eat or drink are directly because of pollinators. Pollinators ultimately play a role in the majority of what we eat and consume. Pollinators are vital to creating and maintaining the habitats and ecosystems that many animals rely on for food and shelter. Worldwide, over half the diet of fats and oils comes from crops pollinated by animals. They facilitate the reproduction in 90% of the world’s flowering plants. Today, more than 842 million people nearly three times the population of the United States are chronically hungry. 3 Chronic hunger is a profound, debilitating human experience that affects the ability of individuals to work productively, think clearly, and resist disease. it drains economies, destabilizes governments, and reaches across international boundaries. In sub-Saharan Africa, millions are undernourished and millions more live on a dollar a day, making it the most po verty-stricken region in the world today. The food security issues of this region are a global concern. Together with terrorism, hunger is one of the greatest problems the international community is facing. Food security deserves its place in any long-term calculation regarding global security. Widespread chronic hunger causes widespread instability and debilitating poverty and decreases all of our safety. Global Economy: Pollinator loss would cause worldwide economic loss of almost $400 billion The worldwide economic value of the pollination service provided by pollinators, Was â‚ ¬153 billion* in 2005 for the main crops that feed the world. This figure amounted to 9. 5% of the total value of the world agricultural food production. Pollinator disappearance would translate into a consumer surplus loss estimated between â‚ ¬190 to â‚ ¬310 billion. The decline of pollinators would have main effects on three main crop categories fruits and vegetable were especially affected with a loss estimated at â‚ ¬50 billion each, followed by edible oilseed crops with â‚ ¬39 billion. Potera 08 [Potera, Carol, Has Written for EHP since 1996. She Also Writes for Microbe, Genetic Engineering News, and the American Journal of Nursing. Http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2516566/.   US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health, Aug. 2008. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. .] Trudell, 2005 (J. D. Candidate 2006, Robert H. Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Intl L. Com. 277, Lexis) Prichard, Ambros E. , AEP. Einstein Was Right Honey Bee Collapse Threatens Global Food Security. The Telegraph (n. d. ): n. pag. 6 Feb. 2011. Web. 5 Feb. 2013. NOAA 7[NOAA, The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Is a Federal Agency F ocused on the Condition of the Oceans and the Atmosphere. Whats In Our Air? Atmospheric Scientists Map Pollution Decrease.   ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 1 May 2007. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. .] UCS 8 [The Union of Concerned Scientists, leading science-based nonprofit working for a healthy environment, â€Å"Cars, Trucks, and Air Pollution†, http://www. ucsusa. org/clean_vehicles/why-clean-cars/air-pollution-and-health/cars-trucks-air-pollution. html O’Toole, 12 senior fellow at the Cato Institute   (Randal, â€Å"Indy Transit Task Force Misses the Mark,† http://www. cato. org/publications/commentary/indy-transit-task-force-misses-mark O’Toole 2009 senior fellow at the Cato Institute   (Randal, Congressional Testimony, â€Å"On Transit and Climate†, http://www. ato. org/testimony/ct-ro-20090707. html) Raloff 08[Janet Raloff, has been reporting at  Science News  for more than three decades on the environment, energy, science policy, agriculture and nutrition. She earned undergraduate and graduate degrees from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University (with an elective major in physics) May 200 8, Journal of Science News, Environment: pollution may confuse pollinators: smog dilutes scents needed to guide floral foragers, Vol. 73, Issue 16] Trudell, 2005 (J. D. Candidate 2006, Robert H. , Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Intl L. Com. 277, Lexis) Potera 08 [Potera, Carol, Has Written for EHP since 1996. She Also Writes for Microbe, Genetic Engineering News, and the American Journal of Nursing. Http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2516566/.   US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health, Aug. 2008. Web.

We as a society are fortunate. We have the luxury Essay Example For Students

We as a society are fortunate. We have the luxury Essay of advanced technology to include: computers, telephones, video teleconferencing equipment, cellular phones, beepers, and hospitals with the latest gadgets and gizmos. Our technology is available only because of documented historical accounts. Our idea of work is having to get in our vehicles and driving to our destination and sometimes sitting behind a desk all day to push paper; the worst any of us suffers is a traffic jam here or there or worse, a construction site. Imagine life in the late eighteenth century. People in this era had to deal with not only getting up at dawn to milk the cows, but toiling for hours on end with animals that refused to budge. We will write a custom essay on We as a society are fortunate. We have the luxury specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Individuals in this era did not have the luxury of using the technological tools we have today. They could not pull out their cell phones if the mule decided to have a bad day or if they injured themselves on the job. Achieving prosperity was not easily done! during this century. The demands placed upon them, required that farmers and merchants work endlessly to provide for their families. Through our education, we have learned that farmers worked and played very hard. We are not however, taught in great detail the vital role a midwife played. Midwives had literally to be available at the drop of a hat to attend a birth. If she was not there, it could cause potential problems for the mother-to-be and the newborn. Martha Ballard, a woman that is not generally listed in history books, played a vital role in the latter part of the eighteenth century. She is a woman of great strength and character who goes above the call of duty in her chosen profession that of a Midwife. Martha Ballard is a woman who has not only lived through the Revolution, but who has kept a diary detailing the gains and losses that we made in political, economic and social transformations during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries (Ulrich, 32)! . Mrs. Ballards diary has been around for many years. Historians who know about the diary seldom know what to do with it (Ulrich, 8). Some feel that her diary is boring and filled with too many details of domestic chores and pastimes to be worthy of any great exploration (Baker, 14). That Martha Ballard kept her diary is one small miracle; that her descendants saved it is another (Ulrich, 346). This statement speaks volumes. How often have we come across documents our ancestors left behind and just threw them away? How often did we sit and examine those documents or analyze their meaning? Speculating on why Ballard kept the diary and why her family saved it, Ulrich highlights the documents usefulness for historians (Mullaney, 102). Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, an Associate Professor of History (at the time of publication) at the University of New Hampshire in Durham, took the time to evaluate Martha Ballards diary and connect the missing links in the role women played d! uring the early years of colonial America. Her ardent studies led her to believe that the diary was more than just the detailing of domestic duties it was describing a lost substructure of eighteenth century life a decidedly female one (Baker, 14). Martha Ballard was more than a midwife. She was a historian, mortician, pharmacist, nurse, farmer, mother, and wife (Ulrich 40). Perhaps it was a sense of history or a craving for stability, perhaps only a practical need to keep birth records, that first motivated Martha to keep a diary. Thee number of childn I have Extracted since I came to Kennebeck I find by written account other Calculations to be 405, she wrote on December 31, 1791. .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096 , .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096 .postImageUrl , .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096 , .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096:hover , .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096:visited , .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096:active { border:0!important; } .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096:active , .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096 .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udda90a11e01842f3cac6a474726bf096:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Corporate Finance (Ulrich,20)Martha was fifty years old when she began documenting her experiences crossing the Kennebec River and events of that era. She moved to this area at the tender of age nineteen when she married the loyal Tory and surveyor, Ephraim Ballard. She shows us a history of the female economy and how women were regarded. When reading diaries, one expects to find statements about the people the author meets, not in Marthas diary.

Imf Essays - International Development, World Bank, Gold Standard

Imf Introduction: We are all aware of the enormous difficulty that the Asian countries have been having in regard to their economies having large trade deficits and the devaluation of their currencies. Asias crisis was classified as The Great Asian Slump that is for the record books (Saving Asia its time to get radical, 75) making the Latin Americas crisis of 1995 look like a minor wobble. Hong Kong announced that its economy shrank 2.8% in the first quarter of 1998. Economist forecast Indonesias GDP to fall an overwhelming 15.1% this year. Comparing that to Americas worst post war recession when the economy shrank 2.1% (Saving Asia, Its time to get radical, 75). This record-breaking crisis has had an enormous effect on our economy as well, and had to be handled as quickly and as painlessly as possible. Therefore, the IMF had to step in and advise the nations on stabilizing their economies by restoring confidence in the currencies. As well as making their currencies look more attractive, which demanded increased interest rates, among many other actions that the IMF implemented. However, there are always individuals who are for and against any actions taken in an attempt to resolve a certain predicament. As anywhere else, here we also find that there are some who feel that IMF did a very poor job at providing the right treatment for the wound, and yet others who content that IMF did the best that it could and in fact helped the ailing tigers. A Brief History of the IMF In July 1944 the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference met at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to find a way to rebuild and stabilize a world economy that had been severely devastated by World War II. One result of the conference was the founding of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) through the signing of its Articles of Agreement by 29 countries. The stated purposes of the IMF were to create international monetary cooperation, to stabilize currency exchange rates, to facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade, and to make its general resources temporarily available to its members experiencing balance of payments difficulties under adequate safeguards. There were 143 member nations in the IMF in the early 1980s. Most of the Communist countries, including the Soviet Union, did not join; and, of the Western nations, Switzerland has not participated (Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia, 1996). However there are now 182 members (www.imf.com, last updated August 98). (www.imf.org) On joining the IMF, each member country contributes a certain sum of money called a quota subscription, as a sort of credit union deposit. (www.imf.org) IMF appraises its members' exchange rate policies within the framework of a comprehensive analysis of the general economic situation and the policy strategy of each member. The IMF fulfills its surveillance responsibilities through: annual bilateral Article IV consultations with individual countries; multilateral surveillance twice a year in the context of its World Economic Outlook (WEO) exercise; and precautionary arrangements, enhanced surveillance, and program monitoring, which provide a member with close monitoring from the IMF in the absence of the use of IMF resources (www.imf.org). Total Fund Credit and Outstanding (SDR billions; end of August 1998) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ World62.8 Africa7.1 Asia22.6 Europe19.8 Middle East0.5 Western Hemisphere12.8 (www.imf.org) Furthermore, to achieve its goals, the Bretton Woods Conference stated a number of conditions with which member nations were required to comply. Each nation agreed to establish a par value for its currency; that is, the value of a unit of its currency would be fixed in relation to the dollar or to gold. This would prevent great fluctuations of national currencies in relation to each other. This part of the agreement was abandoned in 1971, when the United States removed the dollar from the gold standard. Currencies have since been allowed to float in value in relation to each other and in relation to the conditions of the world economy. Member nations also agreed upon the principle of currency convertibility. Thus, if one nation owned the currency of another, it would be able to sell it back at par value. (www.imf.org) A third agreement was that member governments would contribute to the operating funds of the IMF according to the volume of their international trade, national income, and their international reserve holdings. Part of

Free Essays on School Counselor

Career Exploration: School Counselor Childhood is not simply a time of innocence and growing up. However, these are periods when young people must confront a myriad of difficult tasks. A School Counselor, assists students develop strategies to conquer society before society conquers them. By teaching children social skills, and a healthy way of coping, a School Counselor serves as a role model among the youth. Their primary purpose is assisting children with educational, emotional, and social development skills that will guide them in the direction of a healthier future. In most schools there is at least one counselor. Most School Counselors work in secondary schools (Grubb). Most opportunities will occur to meet replacement needs. Outlook is dependent on pupil population so job opportunities are best in growing areas. Those in the area of specialty who are bilingual and bicultural may have better chances for employment. Beginners may have to work at lower paying or part-time jobs in order to gain experience in the field. During my childhood the opportunity for me to meet with a School Counselor was not available. However, due to the small population in the community, the school felt little need for a counselor. Counseling is for everyday people with everyday problems. Not just the mentally unhealthy need counseling (Farris). The goal in school counseling is to identify roadblocks that prevent children from learning. Every counselor should demonstrate a fair, ethical model of how to behave in life. School Counselors guide children in the right direction by leading them to success. Today’s counselors support students in their efforts to learn, assist them in their social and emotional growth, and guide them in their transition from high school to careers (Hegerner 103). They often work in classrooms, teaching skills in decision-making, problem solving, anger management and conflict resolution. They conduct small group sessions ... Free Essays on School Counselor Free Essays on School Counselor Career Exploration: School Counselor Childhood is not simply a time of innocence and growing up. However, these are periods when young people must confront a myriad of difficult tasks. A School Counselor, assists students develop strategies to conquer society before society conquers them. By teaching children social skills, and a healthy way of coping, a School Counselor serves as a role model among the youth. Their primary purpose is assisting children with educational, emotional, and social development skills that will guide them in the direction of a healthier future. In most schools there is at least one counselor. Most School Counselors work in secondary schools (Grubb). Most opportunities will occur to meet replacement needs. Outlook is dependent on pupil population so job opportunities are best in growing areas. Those in the area of specialty who are bilingual and bicultural may have better chances for employment. Beginners may have to work at lower paying or part-time jobs in order to gain experience in the field. During my childhood the opportunity for me to meet with a School Counselor was not available. However, due to the small population in the community, the school felt little need for a counselor. Counseling is for everyday people with everyday problems. Not just the mentally unhealthy need counseling (Farris). The goal in school counseling is to identify roadblocks that prevent children from learning. Every counselor should demonstrate a fair, ethical model of how to behave in life. School Counselors guide children in the right direction by leading them to success. Today’s counselors support students in their efforts to learn, assist them in their social and emotional growth, and guide them in their transition from high school to careers (Hegerner 103). They often work in classrooms, teaching skills in decision-making, problem solving, anger management and conflict resolution. They conduct small group sessions ...

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 35

Summary - Assignment Example Furthermore, the author of this book found out that manual labor is not interesting, and it is taxing and degrading. She asserts that the constant and repeated movement of their bodies is able to create a risk of repeated injury. Furthermore, these people suffer from too much body pain, but they have to hold on. Ehrenreich (22) further explains that the management of these manual laborers normally frustrates the work input of these workers. This is because they give these employees pointless tasks, which make their experiences to be miserable. Ehrenreich (27) talks against the questionnaires and personality tests which are designed for purposes of weeding out employees who are not compatible with the organization. The author argues that these activities are a violation of the liberties of the workers, and they deter potential applicants, from applying. Furthermore, these activities have very little impact in improving the work performance of an employee. The author further asserts that in areas where there is a sign, that help is needed, does not necessarily mean that there is a job opening (Ehrenreich, 33). It aims is to make people apply for the jobs, so that there would be a pool of applicants when a vacancy arises. This is on jobs that have a high labor turnover. The author of this book concludes, by denoting that low waged employees are not living off the generosity of the wealthy, instead, it is the wealthy who are living off their

Advertising and contemporary culture Research Paper

Advertising and contemporary culture - Research Paper Example Advertising also involves a sponsor who is the person who pays for the advertisement. All of these factors work together in an attempt to sell a product, service or concept to a target population through branding. Branding is described as forming an image associated with a certain product in the mind of the consumer. It involves gender studies, semiotics and effective mediums of advertising. Contemporary culture refers to the existence of different genres of something within the same frame of time. When we talk of contemporary culture, we talk about the different ethnicities, religions, societies and economies that exist today. With the world growing smaller due to increased mediums of communication, it seems that the advertiser’s job would be easier. However, it has gotten all the more difficult since not only has the market become more competitive but finances have become limited and while sponsors ask for maximum cost efficiency, designing campaigns that are targeted yet ef fective has become a challenge. Mass campaigns are cost effective but the message might be suitable for one market and outright offensive for the other. Thus, advertising’s relation with contemporary culture has never been as important as it is now. ... sion campaigns as well as new media which have not only pushed the advertisers to come up with new ideas but also increase budgets so that maximum number and types of medium can be used. These include covert advertising which overlaps with branding, mobile bill boards, ads on facebook and twitter, polls, consumer generated-advertising and celebrity branding. digital branding seems to be quite effective across all ages and is widely used in sport events, shopping malls and restaurants (Aimdigitalvisions.com) For example, Tom Cruise is seen using a Nokia phone and wearing a Bulgari watch in the movie Minority Report. This is an example of covert advertisement that was aimed at movie audiences which were predominantly under 35. Similarly, popup, advergaming and emails are also a popular medium of advertisement among the younger lot. The effectiveness of a medium of communication is not just measured by the age of a target audience. It has a lot to do with the size of an audience as well . Crowdsourcing is a very popular approach when the target audience is huge, the ad is supposed to be ‘most-buzzed-about’ (Elliott) and has to be reached within limited finances. Google, Hershey’s, Microsoft and Mini Cooper have adopted this approach. Global advertising is aimed at a much larger audience with a view to expand globally. For this reason, advertisers rely on advertising researches, look for ideas that have the potential to travel (Global Marketing Management) and increase the companies’ pace of implementation. The most important factor in such campaigns is to give an image of one voice. The advertisement campaign of IBM is a clear example of this. Another aspect of advertising industry’s relationship with contemporary culture is based on how it affects genders. Not

The Counseling of God Essay Example for Free

The Counseling of God Essay In the book Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling, Mark McMinn emphasizes the importance of involving Christianity in counseling activities. In this book he stresses the importance of assimilating Psychology and Christianity by citing numerous examples. McMinn highlights the importance of using the Scripture in counseling since not many in the population of counselors make use of such for the application in this profession. McMinn accentuates all the positive effects that the use of the Scripture, prayer, study of the Biblical texts and sacraments have in counseling and that everybody who lives to counsel other people should embrace this practice with their profession. Mostly, counselors try to avoid the inclusion of religion in what they do and McMinn argues that this could be dangerous since most emotional disturbances may be related to sin. According to McMinn confessing the sins in the seclusion of a counseling office is a vital part of the healing process of the client or the student. McMinn argues that integrating the notion of sin and the process of confession into the counseling process can help clients grow spiritually. McMinn also touched the subject on forgiveness and redemption. As McMinn has discussed, forgiveness may not be described only as an emotional relief. In contrast to psychotherapy, forgiveness and redemption involves understanding, self-awareness and humility and further, redemption is a way of healing or recuperation. Thus, from this claim, the restoration of meaning and worth in the client’s life may be realized through God. Psychology and Christianity are two disciplines that are very complex and are not very simple to simultaneously give meaning to, but by having a solid foundation in both fields could help the counseling profession to more conveniently assist their clients in recognizing it. Concrete Responses I was not a part of the best looking lot back in elementary school and high school. I was overweight, my nose is way too crooked and my teeth just decided to settle on top of each other. To make up with that, I would say that I talked a lot and I craved for a lot of attention. Every time somebody is showing off their new stuff like some neat shoes or a nice and expensive bag, I had a problem of severe jealousy and desire to have the same things. So I usually bug my parents to buy me one even if it is completely unnecessary. I only managed to ponder over these facts now that I am an adult. I know and I have realized that everything I was before only rooted from my almost brutal superficial nature. Unfortunately, I think I was not able to get over it. I think it was a bit inevitable to take that part with me as I grew older. Though I don’t get jealous over shoes anymore, I have shifted to things that are a bit more appropriate for my age. Most people have moments wherein they would feel inadequate and incompetent. However, my method in coping with that is to fulfill my â€Å"meagerness† by making up stories to the point of doing it at the expense of other people. I think the foulest thing that I have ever done is when I simultaneously came up with my own â€Å"fairy-tales† just to make myself look good and superior. I told people that my father was someone who has a really good status in our city, although my dad is just this normal guy. I told people that I owned coffee shops and that I did part-time work for a very reputable employer, I made a fake faculty I. D just so that I can have access to books without deadlines, I cheat my way towards so many ends and the worst is, I also have very controversial photos that I believe was going around online within the group that I belong to. That incident woke me up at some point and made me contemplate a lot on how I have been behaving. I believe that some people who knew me well are just staying silent about all the rotten actions that I have been plotting for my own benefit. They are staying silent because they don’t even attempt to rekindle our friendship and I know how much they hate me because of their utter indifference. By now, since we belong to the same University, the tales that I have started may have reached their knowledge at this point but I am thankful that they never gave me away. And right now all I feel is fear and guilt. What bothers me about this book is the permanent dread it is causing me. Ironically, I am fairly religious and I do believe in God. Since I feel that what I have been doing is nearing a very embarrassing publicity, I am kind of more worried by the fact that other people finding out about this would validate the fact that I really did it. I felt at first that it could just be a dream that I created. A dream of a life that I want to have, something that I have tried to put into actuality but with much pretense and deception. Now it will pretty much turn into a nightmare if worse comes to worst How can I deal with the truth behind the falsity I created when I would feel that God will be reprimanding me for it? I think that it would be less painful for me if people would judge me for what I have done rather that something telling to my face that I have violated so many aspects of the Bible in which I strongly believe in. On the other hand, how would this affect me if I were agnostic? Would I even care? Would I feel less guilty? I may feel terrible about how it would reflect me as a person and how other people would think of me. But that is just about it. If that is the case then I think I would be more vulnerable to doing it again, to new sets of people that will be introduced in my life. I guess, the baggage will indeed be less heavy but it would be very similar to needless shrubs that would be growing again and again if I don’t pull the roots out. I think the fact that I know I have failed God would make it a lot more difficult for me to once again do whatever sick things that I have done just to get ahead. As a strong believer I didn’t really think that this is just what I have been waiting for, just something that would rest each and every lie that I have told others right in front of me, just to get back to me with a dagger that is ready to stab me right in the heart. I know that it would be difficult to regain the trust of the people that I have so successfully fooled. But all I can actually do now is face it and start anew. I wouldn’t really have much of a choice because this is my life and thinking about â€Å"bright† ideas like leaving and starting a new life somewhere else with a new identity would just definitely make everything worse and is rather stupid by the way. I would just have to step into the limelight of shame and prove that I wouldn’t want to be in this kind of situation ever again. I wouldn’t promise or say anything but I would try my hardest and hope that everything would just go away. Even if it would take a lot of time to go back to how I was, I am willing to wait. I would move on, live life the way I should, prepare myself for all the consequences but I assure that these consequences will be accepted but it would never ever defeat me.

Sociological Theories on Crime and Deviance

Sociological Theories on Crime and Deviance Sociologists investigate the effects of society on criminal and deviant behaviour and seek to understand individuals and their situations. They do this by gathering and utilizing information on age, gender, social class, race and ethnicity. Crime is specifically associated with behaviors that break the formal written laws of any given society; for example, British law states that seatbelts must be worn whilst driving a car. Deviance describes behaviors which infringe cultural norms and values but do not violate any written law; for instance, lying is considered by most individuals as wrong but is not against the law, unless while under oath in a court of law. As individuals even if we disagree with them we are required to abide by societies norms, values and laws. It is useful to think of deviance as a wide category of which crime is smaller part (sociology in perspective, p583) Individuals construct and learn how to fit into society through socialization within our cultures. Correct behavior, or norms and values, are learned through interaction with our family, peers and institutions, such as the education system. Norms are socially acceptable ways of behaving in any given situation, such as knowing we should be quiet in libraries. Values are the fundamental beliefs which underpin a community or society and provide the general principles for human behavior, such as the belief that stealing is wrong; as in the case of stealing, values often become laws. These norms and values and therefore behaviours considered deviant vary widely throughout history, societies, communities and cultures. For example, while one family may overlook belching at the dinner table another may be disgusted by such behavior. Moreover in Chinese culture belching during dinner is considered good manners and a sign of appreciation of the meal, Kwintessential [online]. Therefore, how behavior is regarded depends on the perspective of the people concerned. According to Becker from the perspective of Labelling Theory, no actions are by nature criminal or deviant but instead depends on the norms created by any given society. Therefore, deviance is only deviance if labelled as such through the process of interaction in which meaning is established (Sociology in perspective, pg 604). An example of this idea of labeling is public nudity; overall it is not wrong to be nude but society imposes strict rules on nudity in public places. If brave enough to go nude in publ ic you can be certain that the reactions of others would support this theory. In contrast some tribal communities such as those found in South America and Africa still dress in very little and would react little to public nudity. The idea that killing is wrong, as a fundamental human value, is a good example of how relative our belief systems are. Throughout history cultures such as the Aztecs carried out human sacrifice for their religious beliefs mnsu.edu [on line] and the religious sacrifice of animals still happens in some tribal communities today. Norms and values can become distorted and individuals may resort to stealing or even killing if there is a breakdown of norms, values or regulations. This breakdown of values shows in such cases as mercy killings and assisted suicides; individuals experience feelings of turmoil over their fundamental values and beliefs. There is much debate on the subject of assisted suicide being made legal in Britain, as is the case in countries such as Switzerland and the Netherlands, ask.com [online]. Also stealing is considered wrong by most individuals but again these values are easily distorted, as in the case of hurricane Katrina, Wikipedia [online]. Individuals, who had never stolen, were doing so because they were not able to attain essentials such as food and water, and it was not clear if the normal rules applied. Emile Durkheim, the Emile Durkheim Archive [online] investigated this breakdown and lack of social and moral norms and defined the term anomie. Individuals can deviate involuntarily as well as deliberately; for instance, those suffering from disorders such as Tourettes syndrome have little control over what might be considered deviant language. Whereas someone that steals a car attains their label of deviant through their own deliberate actions Subcultures are often regarded as deviant, for example, Mormon communities live relatively peacefully within wider society yet are often assigned as deviants. In contrast, subcultures such as criminal gangs are less compatible with wider society and cause social disharmony, therefore they attain their deviant label through deliberate actions. These subcultures have their own sets of norms and values to which they abide, these may not conform to the views of wider society but they are perfectly acceptable within their own cultures. Furthermore, individuals may be considered deviant because of their beliefs or sexuality. It could be argued than most religions consider their own beliefs as right and others as wrong. Homosexuality is considered to be deviant by some religions, cultures and individuals but not by others. Until the early 20th century the Siwans of North America expected all normal males to engage in homosexual intercourse, moreover they considered those that refused to be peculiar. In contrast the Rwalar Bedouins considered homosexuality as so abnormal that they put the participants to death. Functionalists argue that we need deviance to bring about social change; for example, suffragettes of the late 19th Century went to prison for their beliefs and helped to bring about womans right to vote. In some societies today such as Saudi Arabia women still do not have voting rights, wiki answers [online]. The plight of the suffragettes could also be used to emphasize a fundamental issue raised by Marxists which is, crime is the product of inadequate social conditions (Sociology in Perspective pg 608) The study of crime and sociology together seeks to understand why some individuals turn to crime and how society as a whole can prevent it. There are many types of crime which fall under three broad categories. The more physical crimes such as mugging and assault fall under Blue-collar crimes. Evidence shows that these types of crimes are most likely to be carried out by the lower or working classes; whereas white-collar crimes such as fraud and embezzlement are most likely to be carried out by the more affluent. Lastly, victimless crimes are crimes that are against the law, but no victim is seen to exist, such as Prostitution. Sociologist use statistics to obtain evidence that enables them to determine social trends such as those discussed above. Statistics can help to identify high crime areas which in turn may be used to help authorities such as the police service to reduce such crime. Lastly statistics are used to compile information for the public, such as advice on taking precautions against crime. However it is generally agreed that crime statistics are seriously flawed and it has been argued that they reveal more about the process and recording of crime than the extent of crime itself; the way police record incidents sometimes changes and so distorts information. The main difficulty is that statistics are derived from only reported crimes, British Crime Surveys show that only around 30% of crime is reported to the police (Sociology pg 181) therefore most crime goes unreported giving a unrealistic view of crime rates. There are many reasons that these crimes may go unreported, for example, people may not report crimes that they deem private or shameful such as domestic abuse. Sometimes a lack of faith in the police may prevent individuals from reporting crime. Also, some crimes go unnoticed, such as stealing from the workplace or drug dealing. Some crimes are more likely to be reported than others, which further distorts crime figures. Lastly, it has been argued that the poli ces own discretion on where to police, who to arrest and which category a crime fits can distort crime statistics. Consequently, statistics are difficult to interpret and questions should always be asked as to what they tell us and what other information should be considered when trying to extract valid information. Subsequently sociologists use other information to analyse the amount of crime in society. Self report studies involve confidential questionnaires that invite a sample of respondents to voluntarily record whether or not they have committed any of a list of offences in a particular time period. Those in favor of self-report studies would argue that they are a good method of determining the social characteristics of criminals but critics suggest they may be unreliable due to the participants exaggerating their answers or not admitting to committing criminal acts. Also the data may be biased as criminals may be less likely to answer questionnaires which may distort the information. It is argued that Crime Surveys or Victim Surveys provide a more accurate measurement of the level of crime in society, because they include hidden crime such as crimes that have not been reported to, or recorded by the police. Also their method of gathering data is consistent and is unaffected by changes in reporting or recording practices that can often hinder police statistics. Critics argue that Crime surveys still underestimate crime levels do to arbitrarily capping the number of crimes one can be victimized by in a given year; this capping can produce an unrealistic measurement in such cases as repeated domestic abuse. Crime surveys are also criticized for excluding under sixteens and those that live in communal establishments, such as nursing homes and university halls of residence. Lastly crime surveys fail to record crimes against victimless crimes such as drug trafficking, crimes against commercial premises or vehicles and because they are victim surveys murder and manslaug hter. Understanding crime and deviance is important as lower crime rates have positive effects on society; for example property values improve and money saved in the police or prison services could be made available for other social projects such as the education system.

Abbreviated Qualitative Research Plan Essay

Introduction Laws governing the administration of paternal processes, vary from state to state within the United States. The U.S. court system allows states to enforce paternal sanctions even after they have been definitively determined that a man is not the biological father of the child. (Brott. 2008) Currently, these irregularities regarding paternity create egregious injustices such as, men who, through DNA testing, have been proven not to be the biological father of the child, still being force to pay child support; even to the extent of being at risk of imprisonment should the accuse fail to maintain monetary support. Because of the monetary component of paternity cases, low income men are at a greater risk of experience catastrophic life-circumstances as a result of paternity fraud. Because of the inconsistency of the varying laws governing paternal support in each state, low-income families with already scarce resources are faced with instances of caring and providing for a child (believi ng them to be a blood relative) only to find out later that the child was not related. See more: Social process essay The disparities in the U.S. court system regarding paternity of low-income individuals has extreme effects on whether children would ever know their fathers, but they also lead to men being involuntarily held financially or legally responsible for children they did not biologically father; a burden that has disproportionate negative effects on a man with low-income. Dr. Vincent Miller contends â€Å"Nearly 30% of the tested paternity cases in our laboratory result in an exclusion of the â€Å"alleged father† presented as the biological father.† (2010). The mere allegation of a man’s paternity,  results in the U.S. court system entering financially, as well as criminally binding judgments. Once caught up in the system, a wrongly accused man faces a systemic dismantling of his freedom, creditability, and emotional stability. Frank Hatley was recently released from jail after serving time for owing back child support for a child that was later proven by DNA testin g not to be his. (8/11/09). http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/08/11/georgia.child.support/index.html. Currently, there are no studies that assess the recovery process of a victim of paternity fraud. After a year in jail, what becomes of a man’s employment, family, finances, or mentality? Purpose Statement This is a qualitative study that will examine the avenues for relief after experiencing the impact of paternity (Creswell. 2009). Research Questions Is the U.S. Court system equipped to make whole a victim of paternity fraud? What are the positive and negative effects of current inconsistent state laws as experienced by the victims of paternity fraud? How do current laws influence the intent to commit fraud? How do current laws encourage the state to abet paternity fraud rather than correcting the results of paternity fraud? How do current laws contribute to a culture of unfairness with regard to non-custodial paternal-sanctions? Would standardization of DNA Paternity testing prevent unfair penalties? Would standardization of DNA Paternity testing improve medical history reliability? Could definitive DNA test results provide the basis for legal relief to a man held responsible for a fathering a child in error? What steps must a victim take to seek recovery through the courts What are the costs involved in contesting an incorrect paternity decision? Are there any incentives for the mother to seek correction? Are there any penalties levied on the false accuser? Literature Review: Annotated Bibliography Brott, A. (2008, Jul 27). Paternity fraud common. Sun Journal. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/378934753?accountid=14872 Child support, money, emotions, and victims of paternity fraud: New survey. (2009, Sep 23).  PR Newswire. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/447485536?accountid=14872 CHRI, S. Q. (2001, May 16). As DNA tests rule out paternity, men sue to stop support payments. The Atlanta Constitution. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/413895636?accountid=14872 Courts ignore paternity fraud. (2007, Dec 12). The Berkshire Eagle. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/379923439?accountid=14872 Father takes DNA paternity fraud case to U.S. supreme court. (2002, May 31). U.S.Newswire. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/450942550?accountid=14872 Leeds, T. L. (2005). Paternity fraud, the poor person’s adoption and the interests of the child. American Journal of Family Law, 19(1), 20-24. Retrieved from ht tp://search.proquest.com/docview/275150869?accountid=14872 Mandatory DNA testing would protect against paternity fraud. (2001, Feb 28). Washington Times. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/409646680?accountid=14872 Research Plan The participants of this study will be selected from low-income men actively contesting paternity in U.S. courts as well as custodial parents in order to gain the negative analysis of the phenomenon. (Lincoln & Guba. 1985) The natural setting will be litigants within the State Courts system involved with matter of Paternity. (Lincoln & Guba. 1985) This setting will be relevant to the phenomenon being studied. (Smeaton. 2008) Information will be collected through focus group interviews and surveys. Participants will be engaged via open ended questions regarding their experience. (Sarkar. 2014) The instruments used to measure outcomes will be the researcher who will inquire of the respondents. Researcher will ensure to guard against personal bias. (Sarkar. 2014) Research will consist of prolonged engagement to glean additional insight into whether participants in a paternity contest can again regain equilibrium within their lives. (Lincoln & Guba. 1985) Threats to validity will be sele ction, candor (existence of undisclosed extenuating circumstances), instability of respondents; cause difficulty in locating them at regular reporting intervals. The results will allow recommendations to be made to improve the paternity process, based on analysis of the data collected. References Biotechnology; DNA technology roots out paternity fraud. (2010). Life Science Weekly, , 287. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/746790449?accountid=14872 Child support, money, emotions, and victims of paternity fraud: New survey. (2009, Sep 23). PR Newswire. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/447485536?accountid=14872 Courts ignore paternity fraud. (2007, Dec 12). The Berkshire Eagle. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/379923439?accountid=14872 Creswell, J. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (Laureate Education, Inc., custom Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2008). Quantitative methods, an example. Baltimore: Author Lincoln, Y.S., & Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Thousand Oaks: CA. Sage. Mandatory DNA testing would protect against paternity fraud. (2001, Feb 28). Washington Times. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/409646680?accountid=14872 Sreeroopa, S. (2014). Qualitative research methods. Media: Retrieved from Laureate Education, Inc.

Hospitality Information Technology Strategy

1. Hotel utilise e- commerce very effectively for procurement purpose. They purchase essential products necessary for the daily running of the hotel via online websites. I would like consider Costa coffee Heathrow in my case study as I am working there presently and it is very much suitable for this case study. The website which Costa uses to purchase its essential products for daily running of the business are: * www. geometric-furniture. co. uk * www. kn-portal. com * www. caterwide. com * www. incorporatewear. com * www. coffeecreation. co. uk * www. bunzlcatering. o. uk Geometric furniture – Geometric Furniture is a design led manufacturer of high quality contract furniture. Established over 40 years ago, Geometric has become one of the UK’s leading contract furniture suppliers. It supplies to number of company like Odeon cinema, Costa Coffee, Oxo Tower, The Warehouse, Ronald Mc Donald house. The best thing about this company is that they deliver they service by the mselves, inform their client beforehand about its features. Delivered the product on time without fail and do understand the important of deadline and reliability.Kuehne + Nagel – has got a new contract to manage the distribution of food supply on behalf of Whitbread plc, which is the UK’s largest hotel and restaurant group. Costa has taken the decision to fully outsource its food logistics activities to Kuehne + Nagel because they agreed to undertake delivery of chilled and ambient products to over 700 Costa Coffee outlets seven days per week, and delivery of frozen, chilled and ambient products. The contract is for 5 years and in addition with that Kuehne + Nagel will operate a customer call centre on behalf of Whitbread and manage the ordering of products from designated suppliers.Caterwide – As one of the UK's largest and fastest growing coffee shop brands, Costa Coffee has been using Torex Inn Touch POS and Caterwide for the past ten years to drive strategi c initiatives around cash management, suggested ordering, stock control, labour management and reporting and business processes. One of the key advantages of the Torex solution is that it integrates with Costa Coffee's loyalty programme, the Costa Coffee Club, whereby customers can collect points when they buy food and drink which can be redeemed against future purchases.Incorporatewear – Incorporatewear, the UK’s premier corporate clothing provider, has been percolating a piece of new business over the past 12 months and is now delighted to pour out the details of its recently signed contract to supply Costa Coffee. Incorporatewear only work with the highest quality materials and the Costa range is no different with shirts and aprons being manufactured from premium poly/cotton fabrics and provides the uniforms for 16,000 Baristas and staff. There are two companies of Whitbread plc which are under the umbrella of incorporatewear that Costa coffee and premier inn.The be nefits of it are, advanced call centre telephone system, dedicated client contact number, instant query resolution, experienced team. Bunzl catering supply – is the upcoming leading distributor of non- food consumable to hospitality and catering sector in the UK, it got 10 branches all over the UK provide a responsive and a flexible local service. at each branch they got dedicated customer service team which has good understanding of local business need and provide outstanding customer care from points of order through delivery.We can place order through telephone, fax, email and online as well which include an image catalogue, fast orders, regular buys, and saved basket. when the order has been placed the following information is readily available to them: full customer details including delivery address previous purchase history authorised product list real time stock availability pack sizes and product descriptions Coffee creation (prima coffee service ltd) – has be en supplying high quality coffee product from more than 12 years with a passion for quality and attention to details.It’s very easy to place an order with coffee creation; it takes you through each step, finding the item you would like to buy, add the item to your shopping basket, proceeding to checkout, sigh in, enter your details, check and submit your order, provide payment information, get email as the confirmation, tracking down the order. Sometimes they send product for sampling if requested and the customer of coffee creation are cafe Nero, Costa coffee, coffee republic. 2. Critically evaluate your organisation’s website. Discuss its strong and weak points. How user friendly is it?Is it functionality adequate? Put yourself In place of someone who is unfamiliar with the organization. Does it enhance the reputation and encourage further contact? Webpage are the most inexpensive and the most effective way to promote any business especially in coffee shops people ar e looking for new shops in their neighbourhood and while travelling often start their search on internet. More than half of the marketing job is done if completely describing your cafe on webpage. The website of Costa coffee is quite eye appealing and attractive to customers.It matches the same colours and fonts on their web site as they do in their cafe. By using just the 2,3 colours, consistent fonts and easy navigation it stimulates the cafe itself. Some basic thing which a webpage must have it are, location, opening hours, photo gallery, about the business, menu, and press release. Out of all this Costa coffee explains its business, update press release, latest picture of the product, location of all the stores with opening and closing hours, address 5. What is social media? Identify three different types of social media how they can be of benefit for hotel industry.Social Media is the use of internet-based programs to make interaction with friends, family, classmates, customers and clients. It can be done for social purposes, business purposes or both. The appropriate way to define social media is to split it into two parts, social and media. Media is a tool of communication, like a newspaper or a radio, so social media would be a social tool of communication. This social tool of communication doesn’t just give the information but interact with you while giving that information.Interaction may be like asking you for to comment in any particular thing, or letting you vote on any article or asking you to rate any movie etc. Social media is a new form of interacting people that allows anyone to become a source of information through new technologies that doesn’t need any previous experience. It also allows the audience to be the author and author to be the audience. Anyone can experience the interaction for free as long as they have internet connection. The popular site of social media includes Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Flickr and many others .These sites all allow users to post information that can then be commented on, followed or enjoyed by larger social groups and peers. Many Hotels are investing on its use to target market demographic groups or to break through to new potential customers. Now Days mostly all the hotel have Facebook pages and are adding facebookers as friends in an effort to attract new customers and build brand loyalty. There are restaurants that are tweeting out daily specials and/or coupons to give as a gift to their followers.Facebook- one of the most popular of social networking sites which allows users to sign up and add friends and social groups, post information, comment on that information, post photos and become fans of various items or company or group. Hotels create their facebook page to add their customer, to target new market, they post photos of the some special event occurred in hotel and tag their friends (customer), by tagging photo a friend of friends, who is known to the hotel ca n get to know about the hotel and his or her friend whereabouts.Through this hotel make new customer with the help of Facebook. Example – some Marriott hotels use their Facebook pages to communicate with guests about local and hotel events. (USA Today) Twitter: This is a free social networking and micro blogging service that enables its users to send and read messages known as tweets. Tweets are text-based posts of up to 140 characters displayed on the author's profile page and delivered to the author's subscribers who are known as followers. Senders can restrict delivery to those in their circle of friends or, by default, allow open access. Elmore 2010) Twitter also allows hotel employees to start conversations with guests; even a tweet as simple as â€Å"Hope you're enjoying your stay! † which give a personalized touch that some guests really appreciate that. Hyatt and Hilton hotels are using Twitter as a virtual concierge service to which guests can â€Å"tweetâ₠¬  queries and expect responses within the hour. (USA Today) Youtube : A very popular and free video-sharing  Web site  that allows registered users to upload and share their video clips online at the YouTube. om Web site. To view the videos you are not required to register but to upload the video you need to register with your email accounts. It allows billions of people to browse, watch and share originally-created videos. It creates a group of people to connect, inform, and inspire others across the globe and acts as a distribution platform. The Marriot Resort & Stellaris Casino in Puerto Rico uses YouTube to let guests record a 30-second video postcard to send to friends and family through the resort’s YouTube channel.A hotel can use the youtube to promote their own website by sharing and uploading videos of own hotel. 6. What is cloud Computing and explain how it can be used for the hospitality industry? The service provided on internet with the use of computing res ources (hardware and software) are called as cloud computing. All data that is being accessed are usually saved in servers, which are in accessible by any unauthorized user. This allows enterprise to maintain faster service and less maintenance from IT.Technology has advanced rapidly in the last couple of years that now it is possible for almost any device to quickly connect with a cloud service and access the information required. The â€Å"cloud computing† concept minimizes the upfront cost of infrastructure and allows the enterprise focus on project, which will differentiate the business itself rather than the infrastructure which will be avoided. Many author have made the attempt to describe it, Buyya et al. efined it as a â€Å"cloud is a parallel and distributed computing system consisting of a collection of inter-connected and virtualised computer that are dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing resources based on a service level agreeme nts established through negotiation between the service provider and consumer. † The key characteristic of cloud computing are: (1) illusion of non ending computing resources, (2) with the use cloud computers up- front commitment is eliminated, (3) ability to pay for use as needed, (4) self service interface and (5) resources that are virtualised.The concept of Cloud computing had benefited the hospitality industry in many ways, such as: A hotel can eliminate the large upfront costs from acquiring computational assets and the typical time delay in building out and developing computer software app. By eliminating upfront cost hotel can save its precious capital to take future business decisions. It allows user to access system through web browser from anywhere at any time, user can access through any device, like pc, laptops, mobile etc. with the use of internet.It improve the business performance and the service delivery, the maintenance cost of cloud computing is very low. So me other benefits which a hotel can get from cloud computing includes low upfront costs, minimal IT infrastructures and easy access across multiple properties. Cloud has a pay-as-you-go service requires minimal investment and offers better technology at a lower cost. 1. Social media 2. 0 Successful social media programs that have value meld top technology and sales best practices By Gina LaVecchia Ragone 2. Social Media & the Hospitality Industry by Forest Time, Demand Media . M. Miller, Cloud Computing: Web-based applications that change the way you work and collaborate online, Que, 2008. 4. R. Buyya, C. S. Yeo, and S Venugopal, Market-oriented cloud computing: Vision, hype, and reality for delivering IT services as computing utilities, in Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC 2008, IEEE CS Press, Los Alamitos, CA, USA), Dalian, China, September 2527, 2008. 5. Khan, K. M. , & Malluhi, Q. (2010). Establishing tru st in cloud computing. IT Professional Magazine, 12(5), 20-27.

Internationalists

Internationalists Internationalists thought: "‚ ¢ That new technology made American involvement in the war inevitable "‚ ¢ That American prosperity depended on maintaining order in the global economy.Many internationalists were executives of multi-national companies such as IBM, General Electric, Kodak, General Motors and Standard Oil. Hence, these people wanted low tariffs and an open market.Some of these companies worked illicitly with Nazi Germany into the 1930's.*Interesting Fact* GM and Ford produced half of Hitler's tanks in the 1930's.Many internationalist politicians were intimidated by the isolationist's strength in Congress.Historian Robert Divine thought that, "most internationalists were old-stock Protestants, felt close to Great Britain, and believed that America had replaced Britain as the world's greatest power."‚  He also felt that internationalists were really only concerned with Europe, as they "took Latin America for granted and neglected the Orient."‚  Pre sident Roosevelt himself was an internationalist, which lent to the speculation that he actually knew about the attack on Pearl Harbour before it happened.English: Meets with King Ibn Saud, of Saudi Arabia...

Protein Enzyme Lab essays

Protein Enzyme Lab essays Title: Examining Some Properties of the Enzyme -amylase In this experiment a deeper meaning in the catalysts of reactions is studied. Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions without permanently changing the reaction. Enzymes, catalysts in biochemical reactions, are globular proteins which lower the activation energy needed to begin a reaction and therefore increase the rate at which efficient reactions can occur. Proteins (henceforth enzymes) are complex molecules made of amino acids in polypeptide chains held together by peptide bonds. The structure of proteins is broken up into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures which create complex structures which can be separated and identified by paper chromatography, or more importantly spectrophotometry can determine the concentration of proteins in an aqueous solution. Spectrophotometry is a quantitative analysis used to determine the amount or concentration of a substance ( -amylase) from its ability to absorb radiant energy. The substance is usually colored and radiant energy used is visible light, which passes through the solution and is either absorbed or transmitted. The spectrophotometer measures is an instrument (used here in our experiment) which electronically measures the amount of transmitted and absorbed light, and can determine concentration and wavelength. The concentration of a solution can be determined because the amount of light absorbed by a solution is dependent on its concentration. A relationship between absorbance and concentration can be made by the Beer-Lambert Law which states absorbance is equal to a molar extinction coefficient times the concentration of the solution times the length of the light path through the solution. The absorbances over a range of known concentrations of the substance are measured at lambda max , the wavelength which shows maximal absorbency. For the purpose of our lab, wave ...

Study for Insurance Covers(Australia) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Study for Insurance Covers(Australia) - Essay Example Accidental breakage of glass, mirrors etc. will get insurance cover under this policy. For fixed glass that forms part of the building including fixed shower bases, basins, sinks, baths and toilets the insurance cover is available. Mirrors, glassware, crystal, crockery, china (except when being used, cleaned or carried) or glass in furniture (except for glass which forms part of a television or a computer screen/monitor. Items covered for accidental breakage include fixed glass like window tinting or shatter- proofing material attached to the glass on the insured buildings. If we insured the contents, any mirrors, glassware, crystal, crockery or any glass in furniture .Mirrors, glassware, crystal, crockery or china are not covered while they are being used, cleaned or carried by hand. The most the CGS will pay for any one item, pair, set, collection or system is $20000.The contents worth more than $20000 will have to include each as a special content item .To do this the insured must advise the CGS and the items will be listed on the insured’s schedule. For each claim for the building and contents the CGS will reduce the amount they pay for claim by the excess. The amount of excess is shown on the insured’s schedule. The most the CGS will pay for any claim for building or contents is the sum insured shown on the insured’s schedule. In case of additional things this condition is not applied. The cost of rebuilding or repairing the damaged portion of the insured building will be paid by the CGS if the schedule shows â€Å"including replacement benefit.† (Accidental Damage. 2006, p. 53). From the analysis of the terms and conditions of the Essentials Plus home and content insurance policy we can see that Rob’s damaged vessel is included in the term contents in the CGS policy and it is sure that the damage is not caused during